Executive Summary : | In today's fast-paced modern era, people increasingly rely on high-speed services, both physical and virtual, such as smart cities, autonomous vehicles, e-commerce, peer-to-peer file sharing, and gaming. The 5th Generation of wireless networking technology, known as 5G, has been introduced to meet this demand, providing new levels of personal and professional freedom. The mmWave spectrum is particularly crucial in enabling high-speed and ultra-low-latency features required by many 5G applications. However, the challenge of using higher microwave or millimeter wave frequency bands for wireless and cellular communication is the large atmospheric attenuation, multi-path fading, and Faraday rotation of RF signals. To mitigate these concerns, circularly polarized antennas and beam scanning can be used. Leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) have been studied as an alternative to provide directive beam scanning versus frequency. Circularly polarized beam scanning antennas are proposed to decrease problems associated with multipath fading, atmospheric absorption, and increase energy efficiency in crowded environments. Conventional planar transmission lines, such as microstrip lines and coplanar waveguide (CPW), are popular for developing millimeter-wave integrated circuits and antennas. However, these lines exhibit significant conductor loss due to high current density along the open edges of lines at millimeter frequencies. Dielectric Image Line (DIL) and substrate integrated image guide (sIIG) are proposed to minimize these losses and are under intensive investigation. |