Executive Summary : | Rechargeable metal-air batteries (MABs) are a green and sustainable energy storage device that can meet the global energy demand, which is heavily reliant on non-renewable fossil fuels. Zinc air batteries (ZABs) are particularly well-suited due to their safety, affordability, environmental friendliness, and high theoretical capacity. However, the cost and scarcity of noble metals like Pt and RuO2 or IrO2 hinder practical applications. Understanding the structure-activity relationship is crucial for developing efficient electrocatalysts for ZABs. single atom or dual atom catalysts (sACs or DACs) have been a research hotspot with potential applications. However, dense modification over a support surface is challenging due to their high surface energy and potential for nanoparticle formation. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are an excellent support for these sACs or DACs, but their microporous nature restricts the diffusion of molecules and functionalization of the chemical structure. A combined strategy for hierarchically porous MOFs (HP-MOFs) construction with modulated coordination environment is needed for stable, durable, and ultra-active bi-functional OER or ORR activity. |