Executive Summary : | India aims to become an energy-independent country by 2047, with green hydrogen serving as a significant replacement for fossil fuels. The National Green Hydrogen Mission received approval in 2023, with a budget of 19,744 crores for 2023-24 to 2029-30. By 2050, hydrogen consumption is expected to increase five-fold, with 80 of that demand expected to be environmentally friendly. The creation of clean hydrogen fuel from water through electrochemical water splitting is a promising prospect, especially when powered by renewable energy sources. However, poor kinetics during the hydrogen evolution process (HER) are a limiting factor. Two-dimensional 2D heterostructures, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), MXenes, transition metal phosphides (TMP), and transition metal nitrides (TMN), are used for HER application. Hybrid heterostructures using TMD and MXenes can enhance HER activities, and the performance of these materials can be enhanced and sustained in high current densities in a wide pH range. The objective is to develop nonmetal-based alternative catalysts, two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and MXenes-based heterostructured materials on different substrates like Ti foil, Ni foam, and carbon cloth. |